Illustration of Duo the owl looking with interest at something out of view

Boring? Bored? Interesting? Interested? These English adjectives sound similar, but they are not the same! In fact, changing which adjective you use can dramatically impact the meaning of a sentence.

But don’t worry, with this guide, you’ll feel sure when using -ing and -ed adjectives!

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When to use -ING vs -ED adjectives

To decide which adjective is correct, there's a simple trick that English learners of any level can use: The -ing adjectives are about inspiration (I = ING), and the -ed adjectives are for effect and emotion (E = ED).

Illustration with an orange box labeled "-ing adjectives" on the left and a blue box labeled "-ed adjectives" on the right. ING adjectives = inspiration. They are for things that inspire a feeling, like interesting and boring. ED adjectives = emotion. They are for an emotion that you feel, like interested and bored. There is an image of Duo the owl looking very bored.

Use -ING adjectives for INSPIRATION

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Think of -ing adjectives as causing a feeling.

Use -ing adjectives to describe people, places, and things that inspire a feeling.

For example:

  • This movie is so boring!
  • I love talking to all your interesting friends.
  • Wow, we had such an exciting day!
  • That song is so annoying.

Use -ED adjectives for EMOTION

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Think of -ed adjectives as effects and emotions.

If you’re describing the emotion you feel about something, use -ed adjectives.

For example:

  • I’m so excited for the party!
  • He’s annoyed at his dad.
  • They’re very frustrated at work!

Common adjectives with -ING and -ED forms

Many English adjectives have related forms, one with -ing and another with -ed:

INSPIRATION EFFECT / EMOTION
amazing amazed
amusing amused
annoying annoyed
boring bored
comforting comforted
confusing confused
depressing depressed
disappointing disappointed
disgusting disgusted
embarrassing embarrassed
encouraging encouraged
exciting excited
exhausting exhausted
fascinating fascinated
frustrating frustrated
fulfilling fulfilled
humiliating humiliated
inspiring inspired
insulting insulted
interesting interested
irritating irritated
overwhelming overwhelmed
pleasing pleased
relaxing relaxed
surprising surprised
threatening threatened
troubling troubled
tiring tired
worrying worried

Examples of adjectives with -ING and -ED forms

A helpful way to understand the difference between these adjectives is to look at sentences that include both forms:

INSPIRATION EFFECT / EMOTION
The movie is boring, so you feel bored.
Zari’s story is interesting, so Oscar is interested in it.
This is an exciting soccer game, so Eddy is very excited.
What a frustrating project! I’m so frustrated about it.
Today was very tiring, so we are super tired!
Running a marathon is exhausting, so the athletes are exhausted at the end!

Swapping -ed and -ing adjectives can be confusing for the listener—and it can sometimes be funny or even embarrassing!

Consider the difference between these pairs of sentences:

Eddy is at a meeting, and he’s so bored! Eddy is at a meeting, and he’s so boring!
Effect / emotion Inspiration
Eddy feels like the meeting is not very fun, and he wants to fall asleep. The other people at the meeting think that Eddy is not very fun. They want to fall asleep when Eddy talks!
Lin’s cat is very loud in the middle of the night. The cat is so annoying! Lin’s cat is very loud in the middle of the night. The cat is so annoyed!
Inspiration Effect / emotion
The cat causes Lin to feel upset, and it disrupts Lin’s sleep. Something else is making the cat upset—like maybe he’s hungry.
Bea is visiting a haunted house, and she is so frightened! Bea is wearing her zombie costume, and she is so frightening!
Effect / emotion Inspiration
Bea feels nervous and scared. Bea is scaring other people. She’s the cause of their fear!
I want to leave Oscar’s class because I’m not very interested. I want to leave Oscar’s class because I’m not very interesting.
Effect / emotion Inspiration
I don’t care about the topic of Oscar’s class, so I’m leaving. Other people don’t care about the things I say, so I’m leaving.

You’re ready to use -ING and -ED adjectives!

Use this inspiration vs. effect memory trick and the explanations and examples above to help you learn the differences between English adjectives. With practice and patience, you’ll be using them confidently in no time!