Welcome to another week of Dear Duolingo, an advice column just for learners. Catch up on past installments here.

Hallo, dear learners! It’s Dr. Kristina Schoen and Stefanie Schantl, and we’re back this week with another Dear Duolingo post all about German! Today, we’re tackling a question that comes up for many German learners. Let’s take a look!

Our question this week:

Illustration of a letter to Dear Duolingo that reads: Dear Duolingo, I’m learning German, but I’m struggling to understand the many different forms of possessive pronouns. For example, when do I use “mein Hund,” “meinen Hund,” or “meinem Hund”? Can you help? Danke schön, Cue-less

You’re totally right, Cue-less—German has a lot of these words with many different forms. Other learners have written to us with the very same question, so you're not alone in your confusion! Thankfully, there are rules about which version to use, and even some helpful patterns to look for. We’ll go through all of them step by step.

In this post:

Choosing the correct ending for German possessive pronouns

In German, you say Mein Hund ist immer hungrig (My dog is always hungry), but Ich füttere meinen Hund (I’m feeding my dog), and the million-dollar question is: why?

The answer lies in the fact that all German nouns have both grammatical gender and case. Any word related to a noun (like pronouns or articles) has to match the noun’s gender and case. So what you’re seeing in forms like meinem vs. meinen is the interaction of the two. Let’s take a look at each on its own.

Grammatical gender in German possessive pronouns

German has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. You’ll see these reflected in the endings of possessive pronouns. Imagine you have three pets—a dog, a cat, and a horse. To tell people how well-behaved all three of them are, you could say:

Grammatical gender Sentence
Masculine Mein Hund ist brav.
My dog is well-behaved.
Feminine Meine Katze ist brav.
My cat is well-behaved.
Neuter Mein Pferd ist brav.
My horse is well-behaved.

As you can see, Hund and Pferd use the same pronoun (mein). That’s because most masculine and neuter possessive pronoun forms are identical. For Katze, an -e is added to mein, making it meine. That’s because Katze is a feminine noun!

Noun case in German possessive pronouns

Grammatical gender isn’t where the story ends, though. German also has four different noun cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. A noun’s case tells you something about its role in the sentence. You’ll see these reflected in the endings of possessive pronouns, too:

Noun case Sentence with masculine noun
Nominative Mein Hund ist immer hungrig.
My dog is always hungry.
Accusative Ich füttere meinen Hund.
I’m feeding my dog.
Dative Der Knochen gehört meinem Hund.
The bone belongs to my dog.
Genitive Der Bauch meines Hundes ist groß.
My dog’s belly is big.

Notice how the possessive pronoun changes for every case: mein, meinen, meinem, and meines. That’s because the dog (Hund) is used in a different grammatical context in each sentence, and each context gives you a clue about which ending to use for its possessive pronoun.

Putting the two together: grammatical gender and noun case in German possessive pronouns

We’ve seen what the forms of my look like for masculine nouns. But what about feminine nouns (like Katze) and neuter nouns (like Pferd)? Well, they also change, but the patterns aren’t exactly the same as for masculine nouns:

Noun case Sentence with feminine noun
Nominative Meine Katze ist immer hungrig.
My cat is always hungry.
Accusative Ich füttere meine Katze.
I’m feeding my cat.
Dative Die Milch gehört meiner Katze.
The milk belongs to my cat.
Genitive Der Bauch meiner Katze ist groß.
My cat’s belly is big.
Noun case Sentence with neuter noun
Nominative Mein Pferd ist immer hungrig.
My horse is always hungry.
Accusative Ich füttere mein Pferd.
I’m feeding my horse.
Dative Die Karotte gehört meinem Pferd.
The carrot belongs to my horse.
Genitive Der Bauch meines Pferdes ist groß.
My horse’s belly is big.

In short, these are the forms of mein- (my) for all grammatical genders and noun cases:

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative mein meine mein
Accusative meinen meine mein
Dative meinem meiner meinem
Genitive meines meiner meines

What about plural nouns?

Of course, you can also talk about plural nouns (like all of your pets) in German. Those possessive pronouns use specific endings, too:

Noun case Sentence with plural noun
Nominative Meine Haustiere sind immer hungrig.
My pets are always hungry.
Accusative Ich füttere meine Haustiere.
I’m feeding my pets.
Dative Das Bett gehört meinen Haustieren.
The bed belongs to my pets.
Genitive Die Bäuche meiner Haustiere sind groß.
My pets’ bellies are big.

However, great news: You don’t need to pay attention to a noun’s grammatical gender if it’s in the plural. Possessive pronouns for plural nouns don’t change according to gender, so the ending will be the same, whether you’re talking about Hunde (dogs), Katzen (cats), or Pferde (horses):

Noun case Plural possessive pronoun
Nominative meine
Accusative meine
Dative meinen
Genitive meiner

Choosing the correct base form for German possessive pronouns

Once you’ve memorized those endings, you already know the hardest part of German possessive pronouns! To complete the puzzle, though, you also need to pay attention to who is doing the possessing. That means keeping track of the grammatical person of the possessor (For example, is it my dog or your dog?),  and, if it’s the third person singular, the grammatical gender as well (Is it his dog or her dog?). These two factors determine the base form of a possessive pronoun (mein-, dein-, sein-, ihr-, and so on), to which the correct ending is added.

These are the different base forms for German possessive pronouns:

Person Singular / Plural Gender Possessive pronoun base form
1st Singular N/A mein (my)
2nd dein (your)
3rd Masculine sein (his)
Feminine ihr (her)
Neuter sein (its)
1st Plural N/A unser (our)
2nd euer (your)
3rd ihr (their)

You then add the correct ending to the base form. You’ve already seen these endings with mein-, and the good news is that they’re the same for all other base forms, too:

A table with the heading “German possessive pronoun endings”. The table has five columns. The cells of the header row are titled “Noun Case,” “Masculine,” “Feminine,” “Neuter,” and “Plural”. Below, there are four more rows. In the leftmost column, below “Noun Case,” the four rows are titled “Nominative,” “Accusative,” “Dative,” and “Genitive”. The remaining cells show the endings for German possessive pronouns according to noun case and grammatical gender: no ending for masculine nominative, “-en” for masculine accusative, “-em” for masculine dative, “-es” for masculine genitive, “-e” for feminine nominative and accusative, “-er” for feminine dative and genitive, no ending for neuter nominative and accusative, “-em” for neuter dative, “-es” for neuter genitive, “-e” for plural nominative and accusative, “-en” for plural dative, and “-er” for plural genitive.

And tada! You’re ready to talk about the possessing of anything by anyone! Now you know why it’s Mein Hund ist immer hungrig (because Hund is masculine and in the nominative case), but Ich füttere meinen Hund (because Hund is in the accusative case here).

The case for starting small when it comes to German cases!

Remember that many patterns are repeated across possessive pronouns, so you don’t actually have to memorize dozens of distinct words. Start with the words that you use most often, and keep returning to these tables as a helpful resource as you progress.

For more answers to your language, learning, and German questions, get in touch with us by emailing dearduolingo@duolingo.com.

Appendix: All German possessive pronouns and their forms

First person singular

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative mein meine mein meine
Accusative meinen meine mein meine
Dative meinem meiner meinem meinen
Genitive meines meiner meines meiner

Second person singular

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative dein deine dein deine
Accusative deinen deine dein deine
Dative deinem deiner deinem deinen
Genitive deines deiner deines deiner

Third person singular, grammatically masculine possessor

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative sein seine sein seine
Accusative seinen seine sein seine
Dative seinem seiner seinem seinen
Genitive seines seiner seines seiner

Third person singular, grammatically feminine possessor

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative ihr ihre ihr ihre
Accusative ihren ihre ihr ihre
Dative ihrem ihrer ihrem ihren
Genitive ihres ihrer ihres ihrer

Third person singular, grammatically neuter possessor

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative sein seine sein seine
Accusative seinen seine sein seine
Dative seinem seiner seinem seinen
Genitive seines seiner seines seiner

First person plural

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative unser unsere unser unsere
Accusative unseren unsere unser unsere
Dative unserem unserer unserem unseren
Genitive unseres unserer unseres unserer

Second person plural

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative euer eure euer eure
Accusative euren eure euer eure
Dative eurem eurer eurem euren
Genitive eures eurer eures eurer

Third person plural

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative ihr ihre ihr ihre
Accusative ihren ihre ihr ihre
Dative ihrem ihrer ihrem ihren
Genitive ihres ihrer ihres ihrer

The formal paradigm (singular and plural)

Noun case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative Ihr Ihre Ihr Ihre
Accusative Ihren Ihre Ihr Ihre
Dative Ihrem Ihrer Ihrem Ihren
Genitive Ihres Ihrer Ihres Ihrer